Scientist develop digital 3D atlas of the brain

Scientists have a new brain atlas to
help them study their favorite organ.
It's a digital, three-dimensional model
called "BigBrain."
Its resolution is finer than a human
hair, so it can reveal clusters of brain
cells and even some large individual
cells. It is being made available to
scientists around the world.
To make the atlas, researchers sliced a
cadaver brain from a 65-year-old
woman into 7,400 thin sections, stained
them to reveal tiny features, and
photographed each one. Then they used
computers to combine the data into a
3-D digital model.
The idea of thin-slicing a brain to
study its anatomy is not new. In fact,
complete bodies of a man and a woman
were sliced and photographed about 20
years ago to create an anatomy
reference called the Visible Human
Project.
For the new brain-mapping project,
the researchers chose the woman's
brain for no special reason other than
it was basically healthy, said Katrin
Amunts of Heinrich Heine University
Duesseldorf in Germany.
She is lead author of a report on the
atlas published Thursday in the journal
Science. Scientists have begun mapping
data from other brain studies onto the
new model to gain new insights, said
senior author Karl Zilles of the Juelich
Aachen Research Alliance in Juelich,
Germany.

15-year-old girl invents flashlightpowered by heat from hands

A 15 year old girl in Canada has invented a flashlight that produces light just by using the warmth of your hand. Ann Makosinski, from British Columbia, invented the thermoelectric 'Hollow Flashlight' that works via the thermoelectric effect. 

The thermoelectric effect is the direct conversion of temperature differences to electric voltage and vice-versa. "I'm sure we've all had that annoying experience when we desperately need a flashlight, we find one, and the batteries are out," Makosinski told NBC News. "Imagine how much money we would save and the amount of toxins leached into the soil etc reduced if we didn't use any batteries in flashlights!" she said. 

To create the flashlight, Makosinski measured how much electricity could be generated from the heat of a palm about 57 milliwatts and how much she needed to light the LED about half a milliwatt. Next, she got several Peltier tiles which when warm on one side and cool on the other could generate electricity, and a few other bits necessary to make the current usable by a normal LED. 

Finally, she mounted the tiles and circuitry onto a hollow aluminum tube; air inside the tube would cool the Peltier tiles, while the warmth of a hand would heat the other side. With a little tweaking of voltages and other components, the invention worked. 

The light generated is modest, but enough to find your keys or light the page of a book. It worked for around half an hour in her tests at an ambient temperature of about 10 degrees Celsius, but would last longer or shorter depending on temperature differences. "The flashlight I have made is more of a prototype then a final product, but the components in my device are quite strong," Makosinski said. "Of course, if it was to be used and manufactured, I would try to seal off the electronic components in some sort of casing so that it wouldn't get heavily exposed to the elements (example water), and therefore last longer," she said. 

Makosinski has submitted her invention for the Google Science Fair and will be in California to visit Google headquarters in September 2013 for the final judging event.